Topic Proposal: Climate change is threatening human health.
The new environmental conditions are more favorable for infectious disease
transmission.
1. Wei, Junni, et al.
"The Impact Of Climate Change On Infectious Disease Transmission:
Perceptions Of CDC Health Professionals In Shanxi Province, China." Plos
ONE 9.10 (2014): 1-8. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Nov. 2015.
There have been increasing concerns about the
challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious
diseases due to climate change, especially in developing countries including China. Health
professionals play a significant role in the battle to control and prevent infectious diseases. This study therefore aims to investigate the perceptions
and attitudes of health professionals at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
in different levels in China, and to consider adaptation measures to deal with
the challenge of climate change. This study provides a snapshot
of the understanding of CDC staff regarding climate change
risks relevant to infectious diseases and adaptation in China.
Results may help inform future efforts to develop adaptation measures to
minimize infectious disease risks due to climate change.
2. Confalonieri, Ulisses
EC, Júlia Alves Menezes, and Carina Margonari de Souza. "Climate Change
And Adaptation Of The Health Sector: The Case Of Infectious Diseases." Virulence
6.6 (2015): 550-553. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Nov. 2015.
Infectious diseases form a group of health problems highly susceptible to the
influences of climate.
Adaptation to protect human population health from the changes in infectious
disease epidemiology expected to
occur as a consequence of climate
change involve actions in the
health systems as well as in other non-health sectors. In the health sector
strategies such as enhanced and targeted epidemiological and entomological
surveillance and the development of epidemic early warning systems informed by climate scenarios are needed. Measures
in other sectors such as meteorology, civil defense and environmental
sanitation will also contribute to a reduction in the risk of infection under climate change.
3. McMichael, Celia.
"Climate Change-Related Migration And Infectious Disease." Virulence
6.6 (2015): 544-549. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Nov. 2015.
Anthropogenic climate
change will have significant
impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will
contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the
intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of
migration – will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease.
It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways,
including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor
areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives.
4. Gislason, Maya K.
"Climate Change, Health And Infectious Disease." Virulence 6.6
(2015): 535-538. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Nov. 2015.
The article discusses the impact of climate change to the health of various people in different locations in
the world. Topics discussed include the risk categories in determining the
causal pathways, the impact of the Zaire ebolavirus species, one of the Ebola
(EVD) strains, to the 2014 EVD outbreak, and the impact of human activities,
such as agricultural expansion, hunting, and deforestation, to the transmission
of infectious diseases.
5. GOLLIN, DOUGLAS, and
CHRISTIAN ZIMMERMANN. "Global Climate Change, The Economy, And The
Resurgence Of Tropical Disease." Mathematical Population Studies
19.1 (2012): 51-62. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Nov. 2015.
In general, warmer temperatures will expand the areas
in which these diseases are
endemic. However, if households can take actions to protect themselves from disease—such as purchasing bednets or
insecticidal sprays—then economic factors may greatly mitigate the effects of climate change. These actions are costly, however, and particularly in
poor countries, many households face borrowing constraints. A model of disease transmission combining the
household's objectives and constraints shows that a temperature increase of 3°C
will induce modest changes in disease prevalence and output. These
effects can be mitigated by improvements in the efficacy of disease prevention.
6. Evengård, Birgitta, and
Rainer Sauerborn. "Climate Change Influences Infectious Diseases Both In
The Arctic And The Tropics: Joining The Dots." Global Health Action
2.(2009): 1-8. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Nov. 2015.
The article discusses the similarities of transmission mechanism of climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Arctic and tropic areas to identify potential
responses for health systems. It states that as vector-based diseases were common on such areas,
people of both areas may have surveillance efforts to allow early warning and
quick response to disease. It adds
the benefits of global collaboration on drug development and health
preparedness to help poor nations that will receive more impact.
7. Lindgren, Elisabet, et
al. "Monitoring EU Emerging Infectious Disease Risk Due To Climate
Change." Science 336.6080 (2012): 418-419. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 8 Nov. 2015.
The article explores the relationship between climate change, globalization, and other drivers that have made Europe a
hot spot for emerging infectious
diseases. The authors note the transmission of traditionally Tropical
diseases in Europe, such as
chikungunya fever in Italy, West Nile fever in Greece and Romania, and dengue
fever in France and Croatia, adding that these events support a notion among
public health officials that Europe is a potential hot spot for emerging or
re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Topics include the
need for novel approaches to risk assessment and surveillance, the link between
climate change, globalization, and infectious
diseases, and a diagram
illustrating weighted risk analysis of climate
change impacts on infectious disease risks in Europe.
8. Myers, Samuel
S., and Jonathan A. Patz. "Emerging Threats to Human Health from Global
Environmental Change." Annual Review of Environment and Resources Annu.
Rev. Environ. Resourc.: 223-52.
Large-scale anthropogenic changes to the natural environment, including
land-use change, climate change, and the deterioration of ecosystem services,
are all accelerating. These changes are interacting to generate five major
emerging public health threats that endanger the health and well-being of
hundreds of millions of people. These threats include increasing exposure to
infectious disease, water scarcity, food scarcity, natural disasters, and
population displacement. Taken together, they may represent the greatest public
health challenge humanity has faced. There is an urgent need to improve our
understanding of the dynamics of each of these threats: the complex interplay
of factors that generate them, the characteristics of populations that make
them particularly vulnerable, and the identification of which populations are
at greatest risk from each of these threats. Health of People, Places,
and Planet. Chapter 25 Detection and attribution of climate change on
infectious diseases.
9. Semenza, Jan C. et al..
“Mapping Climate Change Vulnerabilities to Infectious Diseases in Europe”. Environmental
Health Perspectives 120.3 (2012): 385–392. Web...
This
article outlines a survey of government officials designated as Competent
Bodies for Scientific Advice concerning infectious diseases to examine the
degree to which they are concerned about potential effects of climate change on
infectious diseases, as well as their perceptions of institutional capacities
in their respective countries. The results of the study were that the majority
of respondents agreed that climate change would affect vector-borne,
food-borne, water-borne, and rodent-borne diseases in the country.
10. Lafferty, Kevin D.. “The
Ecology of Climate Change and Infectious Diseases”. Ecology 90.4 (2009):
888–900.
The projected global increase in
the distribution and prevalence of infectious diseases with climate change
suggests a pending societal crisis. The subject is increasingly attracting the
attention of health professionals and climate-change scientists, particularly
with respect to malaria and other vector-transmitted human diseases. The result
has been the emergence of a crisis discipline, reminiscent of the early phases
of conservation biology. Latitudinal, altitudinal, seasonal, and interannual
associations between climate and disease along with historical and experimental
evidence suggest that climate, along with many other factors, can affect
infectious diseases in a nonlinear fashion. However, although the globe is
significantly warmer that it was a century ago, there is little evidence that
climate change has already favored infectious diseases. While initial
projections suggested dramatic future increases in the geographic range of
infectious diseases, recent models predict range shifts in disease
distributions, with little net increase in area. Many factors can affect
infectious disease, and some may overshadow the effects of climate.
11. Ostfeld, Richard S..
“Climate Change and the Distribution and Intensity of Infectious Diseases”. Ecology
90.4 (2009): 903–905.
Many infectious diseases of
humans, including malaria, dengue, cholera, and schistosomiasis, are restricted
to, or more prevalent in, tropical and subtropical zones. Within the tropics
and subtropics, they are more prevalent at lower than at higher altitudes.
Warmer temperatures characteristic of lower latitudes and altitudes generally
increase rates of survival, development, and replication of parasites and of
blood-feeding vectors such as mosquitoes. Warmer conditions also increase
activity (including biting) rates of vectors, resulting in higher rates of
parasite transmission.
12. Parry, M.L.,
O.F. Canziani, J.P. Paulutikof, P.J. Van Der Linden, and C.E. Hansen.
"Human Health: Infectious Diseases." Climate Change 2007: Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability : Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Geneva: IPCC Secretariat, 2008. Print
Changes in climate that will
affect potential transmission of infectious diseases include temperature,
humidity, altered rainfall, and sea-level rise. It is an essential but complex task
to determine how these factors will affect the risk of vector-and rodent-borne
diseases. This report looks at subsections that describe diseases that have
been identified as most sensitive to changes in climate.
1 13. "Natural
Solutions to Climate Change." Conservation International. Web. 10
Nov. 2015.
Conservation International is a
NGO that works to ensure a healthy and productive planet for everyone. This
articles identifies what climate change is. They cite IPCC saying we need
immediate and aggressive solutions. This article says that we are at risk of
the dangerous impacts of climate change including infectious dieses.
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